Tel beleme: юрамалар арасында аерма
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{{Портал|Тел белеме}} |
{{Портал|Тел белеме}} |
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Keşe [[tel]]lären [[fän]]ni [[öyränü]]gä '''tel beleme''' dilär. |
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Keşe [[tel]]lären [[fän]]ni [[öyränü]]gä '''tel beleme''' dilär.<ref>{{cite book|title=Linguistics|year=2010|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=0-262-51370-6|url=http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/examrequest.asp?ttype=2&tid=12240|edition=6th|coauthors=Adrian Akmajian, Richard A. Demers, Ann K. Farmer, Robert M. Harnish|accessdate=25 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | isbn=0-262-51370-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Elements of General Linguistics |last=Martinet |first=André |authorlink=André Martinet |others=Tr. Elisabeth Palmer (Studies in General Linguistics, vol. i.) |location=London |publisher=Faber |year=1960 |page=15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=On Language and Linguistics |first=Michael A. K. |last=Halliday |authorlink=Michael Halliday |coauthors=Jonathan Webster |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=0-8264-8824-2 |page=vii}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Linguistics and ethnology |journal=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology |volume=4 |pages=140–47 |year=1948 |last=Greenberg |first=Joseph |authorlink=Joseph Greenberg}}</ref> |
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Şul eş belän şöğellänüçe keçe '''[[tel belgeçe]]''' bulıp atala. |
Şul eş belän şöğellänüçe keçe '''[[tel belgeçe]]''' bulıp atala. |
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Tel belemeneñ ezlänü eşe öç töp yünäleştä bara: |
Tel belemeneñ ezlänü eşe öç töp yünäleştä bara: |
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* Zamandaş wä zamandaş bulmağan |
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* Zamandaş wä zamandaş bulmağan -- Synchronic study of a language is concerned with its form at a given moment; diachronic study covers the history of a language (group) and its structural changes over time. |
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* Farazlı wä qullanulı |
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* Farazlı wä qullanulı -- Theoretical linguistics is concerned with frameworks for describing individual languages and theories about universal aspects of language; applied lingusitics applies these theories to other fields. |
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* Bäyle wä bäysez |
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* Bäyle wä bäysez -- Contextual linguistics is concerned with how language fits into the world: its social function, how it is acquired, how it is produced and perceived. ''Independent'' linguistics considers languages for their own sake, aside from the externalities related to a language. Terms for this dichotomy are not yet well established--the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] uses ''macrolinguistics'' and ''microlinguistics'' instead. |
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Given these dichotomies, scholars who call themselves simply ''linguists'' or ''theoretical linguists'', with no further qualification, tend to be concerned with independent, theoretical synchronic linguistics, which is acknowledged as the core of the discipline. |
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Linguistic [[research|inquiry]] is pursued by a wide variety of specialists, who may not all be in harmonious agreement; as [[Russ Rymer]] flamboyantly puts it: |
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<blockquote>"Linguistics is arguably the most hotly contested property in the academic realm. It is soaked with the blood of [[poet]]s, [[theologian]]s, [[philosopher]]s, [[philologist]]s, [[psychologist]]s, [[biologist]]s, and [[neurologist]]s, along with whatever blood can be got out of [[grammarian]]s." [[Linguistics#References|1]]</blockquote> |
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==Areas of theoretical linguistics == |
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Theoretical linguistics is often divided into a number of separate areas, to be studied more or less independently. The following divisions are currently widely acknowledged: |
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* [[phonetics]], the study of the different sounds that are employed across all human languages; |
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* [[phonology]], the study of patterns of a language's basic sounds; |
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* [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], the study of the internal structure of words; |
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* [[syntax]], the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences |
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* [[semantics]], the study of the meaning of words ([[lexical semantics]]), and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences; |
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* [[stylistics (linguistics)|stylistics]], the study of style in languages; |
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* [[pragmatics]], the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise) in communicative acts; |
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The independent significance of each of these areas is not universally acknowledged, however, and nearly all linguists would agree that the divisions overlap considerably. Nevertheless, each subarea has core concepts that foster significant scholarly inquiry and research. |
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==Diachronic linguistics== |
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Whereas the core of theoretical linguistics is concerned with studying languages at a particular point in time (usually the present), diachronic linguistics examines how language changes through time, sometimes over centuries. Historical linguistics enjoys both a rich history (the study of linguistics grew out of historical linguistics) and a strong theoretical foundation for the study of language change. |
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In American universities, the non-historic perspective seems to have the upper hand. Many introductory linguistics classes, for example, cover historical linguistics only cursorily. The shift in focus to a non-historic perspective started with [[Ferdinand de Saussure|Saussure]] and became predominant with [[Noam Chomsky]]. |
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Explicitly historical perspectives include [[historical-comparative linguistics]] and [[etymology]]. |
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==[[Applied linguistics]]== |
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Whereas theoretical linguistics is concerned with finding and describing generalities both within languages and among all languages, as a group, applied linguistics takes the results of those findings and ''applies'' them to other areas. Usually ''applied linguistics'' refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but linguistics is used in other areas, as well. [[Speech synthesis]] and [[Speech recognition]], for example, use linguistic knowledge to provide voice interfaces to computers. |
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==Contextual linguistics== |
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Contextual linguistics is that realm where linguistics interacts with other academic disciplines. Whereas core theoretical linguistics studies languages for their own sake, the inder-disciplinary areas of linguistic consider how language interacts with the rest of the world. But that rather depends upon their world-view. |
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[[Sociolinguistics]], [[anthropological linguistics]], and [[linguistic anthropology]] are where the social sciences that consider societies as whole and linguistics interact. |
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[[Critical discourse analysis]] is where [[rhetoric]] and [[philosophy]] interact with linguistics. |
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[[Psycholinguistics]] and [[neurolinguistics]] is the where the [[medical science]]s meets linguistics. |
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Other cross-disciplinary areas of linguistics include [[language acquisition]], [[evolutionary linguistics]], [[stratificational linguistics]], and [[cognitive science]]. |
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== Individual speakers, language communities, and linguistic universals == |
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Linguists also differ in how broad a group of language users they study. Some analyze a given speaker's language or [[language development]] in great detail. Some study language pertaining to a whole [[speech community]], such as the language of all those who speak [[Black English Vernacular]]. Others try to find linguistic universals that apply, at some abstract level, to all users of [[human language]] everywhere. This latter project has been most famously advocated by [[Noam Chomsky]], and it interests many people in [[psycholinguistics]] and [[cognitive science]]. It is thought that universals in human language may reveal important insight into universals about the [[human mind]]. |
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== Description and prescription == |
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Most work currently done under the name "linguistics" is purely descriptive; the linguists seek to clarify the nature of language without passing value judgments or trying to chart future language directions. Nonetheless, there are many professionals and amateurs who also [[prescriptive|prescribe]] rules of language, holding a particular standard out for all to follow. |
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Whereas prescriptivists might want to stamp out what they perceive as "incorrect usage", descriptivists seek to find the root of such usage; they might describe it simply as "[[idiosyncratic usage|idiosyncratic]]", or they may discover a regularity that the prescriptivists don't like because it is perhaps too new or from a dialect they don't approve of. |
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== Speech versus writing == |
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Most contemporary linguists work under the assumption that [[speech|spoken language]] is more fundamental, and thus more important to study, than [[writing]]. Reasons for this standpoint include: |
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*Speech appears to be a human universal, whereas there are and have been many [[culture]]s that lack written communication; |
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*People learn to speak and process [[oral language]] easier and earlier than writing; |
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*A number of [[cognitive science|cognitive scientists]] argue that the [[brain]] has an innate "[[language module]]", [[knowledge]] of which is thought to come more from studying speech than writing. |
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Of course, linguists agree that that the study of written language can be worthwhile and valuable. For linguistic research that uses the methods of [[corpus linguistics]] and [[computational linguistics]], written language is often much more convenient for processing large amounts of linguistic data. Large corpuses of spoken language are difficult to create and hard to find. |
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Furthermore, the study of [[writing systems]] themselves falls under the aegis of linguistics. |
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== Ezlänü ölkäläre == |
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<!--[[phonetics]], [[phonology]], [[syntax]], [[semantics]], [[pragmatics]], [[etymology]], [[lexicology]], [[lexicography]], [[theoretical linguistics]], [[historical-comparative linguistics]] and [[descriptive linguistics]], [[linguistic typology]], [[computational linguistics]], [[corpus linguistics]], [[semiotics]].--> |
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== Fänara tel ezlänüläre == |
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<!--[[applied linguistics]], [[historical linguistics]], [[orthography]], [[writing system]]s, [[historical linguistics|comparative linguistics]], [[cryptanalysis]], [[decipherment]], [[sociolinguistics]], [[critical discourse analysis]], [[psycholinguistics]], [[language acquisition]], [[evolutionary linguistics]], [[anthropological linguistics]], [[stratificational linguistics]], [[text linguistics]], [[cognitive science]], [[neurolinguistics]], and in [[Computational linguistics]] there is |
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[[natural language understanding]], [[speech recognition]], [[speaker recognition]] (authentication), [[speech synthesis]], and more generally, [[speech processing]] |
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== Abruylı tel belgeçläre wä mäktäpläre == |
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Early [[scholar]]s of linguistics include [[Jakob Grimm]], who devised the principle of consonantal shifts in pronunciation known as [[Grimm's Law]] in 1822, [[Karl Verner]], who discovered [[Verner's Law]], [[August Schleicher]] who created the "Stammbaumtheorie" and [[Johannes Schmidt (linguist)|Johannes Schmidt]] who developed the "Wellentheorie" ("wave model") in 1872. [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] was the founder of modern structural linguistics. [[Noam Chomsky|Noam Chomsky's]] formal model of language, [[transformational-generative grammar]], developed under the influence of his teacher [[Zellig Harris]], who was in turn strongly influenced by [[Leonard Bloomfield]], has been the dominant one from the [[1960s]]. |
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Other important linguists and [[school]]s include [[Michael Halliday]], whose [[systemic functional grammar]] is pursued widely in the [[United Kingdom|U.K.]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[China]], and [[Japan]]; [[Dell Hymes]], who developed a pragmatic approach called The Ethnography of Speaking; [[George Lakoff]], [[Len Talmy]], and [[Ronald Langacker]], who were pioneers in [[cognitive linguistics]]; [[Charles Fillmore]] and [[Adele Goldberg (linguist)|Adele Goldberg]], who are associated with [[construction grammar]]; and linguists developing several varieties of what they call [[functionalism | functional grammar]], including [[Talmy Givon]] and [[Robert Van Valin, Jr.]]. |
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== Söyläşüne sürätläw == |
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* [[Xalıqara Yañğırış Älifbası]] (International Phonetic Alphabet - IPA), [[keşe söyläşü]]en kürsätü ısulı. |
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* [[SAMPA]], IPA öçen [[ASCII]] nigezendä genä ğadílaştırılğan älifba. |
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== Narrower conceptions of "linguistics" == |
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"Linguistics" and "[[linguist]]" may not always be meant to apply as broadly as above. In some contexts, the best [[definition]]s may be "what is studied in a typical university's department of linguistics", and "one who is a [[professor]] in such a department." Linguistics in this narrow sense usually does not refer to learning to speak foreign languages (except insofar as this helps to craft formal models of language.) It does not include [[literary analysis]]. Only sometimes does it include study of things such as [[metaphor]]. It probably does not apply to those engaged in such prescriptive efforts as found in Strunk and White's ''The Elements of Style''; "linguists" usually seek to study what people do, not what they ''should'' do. One could probably argue for a long while about who is and who is not a "linguist". |
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== Monı da qara == |
== Monı da qara == |
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{{Портал|Тел белеме}} |
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* [[Törki tellär]] |
* [[Törki tellär]] |
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* [[Yazu törläre]] |
* [[Yazu törläre]] |
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* [http://corpus.tatfolk.ru/ Yazma tatar tele korpusı] |
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* [[list of linguists]] |
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* [[history of linguistics]] |
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* [[linguistics basic topics]], a page designed to organize information about linguistics on Wikipedia |
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* [[list of linguistic topics]] |
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* [[philology]], the study of [[ancient text]]s and languages. |
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* [[structuralism]] |
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--> |
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{{töpçek}} |
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== İskärmälär == |
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{{искәрмәләр}} |
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<!--== External links == |
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* [http://www.canoo.com/wmtrans/home/index.html Multilingual Morphology Software] |
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* [http://www.englishpage.com/grammar/ Grammar Book] |
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* [http://www.arcs.ac.at/dissdb/rn036488 Automated word analysis for the German language] |
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* [http://www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de/linguist/issues/6/6-1586.html Syllabification algorithm] |
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* [http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/global-text/short-docs/html2ps.html#hyph The hyphenation block]--> |
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{{тәрҗемә Инглиз}} |
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24 дек 2013, 05:37 юрамасы
Keşe tellären fänni öyränügä tel beleme dilär. Şul eş belän şöğellänüçe keçe tel belgeçe bulıp atala.
Tel belemeneñ ezlänü eşe öç töp yünäleştä bara:
- Zamandaş wä zamandaş bulmağan
- Farazlı wä qullanulı
- Bäyle wä bäysez
Monı da qara
 |
Bu bit mäqälä töpçege genä. Sez anı tulılandırıp, Wikipediägä yärdäm itä alasız. |