Тоба (күл): юрамалар арасында аерма
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кТөзәтмә аңлатмасы юк |
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'''Тоба күле''' ({{lang-id|'''Danau Toba'''}}) - {{Coord|2.6845|98.8756|region:ID_type:waterbody_scale:500000|display=inline,title}} урнашкан [[күл]] һәм [[супер-янартау]]. Күл озынлыгы 100 километр, киңлеге 30 километр. |
'''Тоба күле''' ({{lang-id|'''Danau Toba'''}}) - {{Coord|2.6845|98.8756|region:ID_type:waterbody_scale:500000|display=inline,title}} урнашкан [[күл]] һәм [[супер-янартау]]. Күл [[озынлык|озынлыгы]] - 100 [[километр]], [[киңлек|киңлеге]] - 30 километр. [[Индонезия]]ның [[Суматра]] [[утрау|утравының]] [[төньяк]] өлешенең [[урта]]сында урнашкан күл {{Coord|2.88|N|98.52|E|}} белән {{Coord|2.35|N|99.1|E|}} [[нокта]]лары арасында сузыла. Индонезияның иң эре күле һәм дөньяның иң эре [[янартау күле]] булуы мәгълүм.<ref name="WorldLakes">[http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8367 Worldlakes.org]</ref> |
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Lake Toba is the site of a supervolcanic eruption that occurred an estimated 69,000 to 77,000 years ago,<ref>[http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0601-09= Global Volcanism Program page on Toba]</ref><ref name=chesner1991 /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ninkovich|first=D.|coauthors=N.J. Shackleton, A.A. Abdel-Monem, J.D. Obradovich, G. Izett|date=7 December 1978|title=K−Ar age of the late Pleistocene eruption of Toba, north Sumatra|journal=Nature|publisher=Nature Publishing Group|issue=276|pages=574–577 |doi=10.1038/276574a0|accessdate=5 March 2010|volume=276}}</ref> a massive, climate-changing event. It is estimated to have been a [[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]] 8 eruption. It is the largest known explosive eruption anywhere on [[Earth]] in the last 25 million years. According to the [[Toba catastrophe theory]], it had global consequences, killing most humans then alive and creating a [[population bottleneck]] in Central Eastern Africa and India that affected the genetic inheritance of all humans today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2975862.stm|title=When humans faced extinction|publisher=BBC|date=2003-06-09|accessdate=2007-01-05}}</ref> However, this hypothesis is not widely accepted due to lack of evidence for any other animal decline or extinction, even in environmentally sensitive species.<ref>Gathorne-Hardy, F. J., and Harcourt-Smith, W. E. H., [http://ice2.uab.cat/argo/Argo_actualitzacio/argo_butlleti/ccee/geologia/arxius/4Gathorne-Hardy.pdf "The super-eruption of Toba, did it cause a human bottleneck?"], Journal of Human Evolution 45 (2003) 227–230.</ref> However, it has been accepted that the eruption of Toba led to a [[volcanic winter]] with a worldwide decline in temperatures between {{Convert|3|to|5|C-change|F-change}}, and up to {{Convert|15|C-change|F-change}} in higher latitudes. |
Lake Toba is the site of a supervolcanic eruption that occurred an estimated 69,000 to 77,000 years ago,<ref>[http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0601-09= Global Volcanism Program page on Toba]</ref><ref name=chesner1991 /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ninkovich|first=D.|coauthors=N.J. Shackleton, A.A. Abdel-Monem, J.D. Obradovich, G. Izett|date=7 December 1978|title=K−Ar age of the late Pleistocene eruption of Toba, north Sumatra|journal=Nature|publisher=Nature Publishing Group|issue=276|pages=574–577 |doi=10.1038/276574a0|accessdate=5 March 2010|volume=276}}</ref> a massive, climate-changing event. It is estimated to have been a [[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]] 8 eruption. It is the largest known explosive eruption anywhere on [[Earth]] in the last 25 million years. According to the [[Toba catastrophe theory]], it had global consequences, killing most humans then alive and creating a [[population bottleneck]] in Central Eastern Africa and India that affected the genetic inheritance of all humans today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2975862.stm|title=When humans faced extinction|publisher=BBC|date=2003-06-09|accessdate=2007-01-05}}</ref> However, this hypothesis is not widely accepted due to lack of evidence for any other animal decline or extinction, even in environmentally sensitive species.<ref>Gathorne-Hardy, F. J., and Harcourt-Smith, W. E. H., [http://ice2.uab.cat/argo/Argo_actualitzacio/argo_butlleti/ccee/geologia/arxius/4Gathorne-Hardy.pdf "The super-eruption of Toba, did it cause a human bottleneck?"], Journal of Human Evolution 45 (2003) 227–230.</ref> However, it has been accepted that the eruption of Toba led to a [[volcanic winter]] with a worldwide decline in temperatures between {{Convert|3|to|5|C-change|F-change}}, and up to {{Convert|15|C-change|F-change}} in higher latitudes. |
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==Атылу== |
==Атылу== |
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{{Main|Тоба һәлакәте}} |
{{Main|Тоба һәлакәте}} |
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[[File:Lake Toba location.png|thumb|left|Тоба күленең урнашу урыны |
[[File:Lake Toba location.png|thumb|left|Тоба күленең урнашу урыны [[харита]]да кызыл ноктасы белән күрсәтелгән.]] |
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<!--The '''Toba eruption''' (the '''Toba event''') occurred at what is now Lake Toba about 67,500 to 75,500 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Zielinski | first = G. A. | coauthors = P.A. Mayewski, L.D. Meeker, S. Whitlow, M. Twickler and K. Taylor | year = 1996 | title = Potential Atmospheric impact of the Toba mega-eruption ~71'000 years ago | journal = Geophysical Research Letters | volume = 23 | issue = 8 | pages = 837–840 | publisher = American Geophysical Union | location = United States | doi = 10.1029/96GL00706 | bibcode=1996GeoRL..23..837Z}}</ref> The Toba eruption was the latest of a series of at least three [[caldera]]-forming eruptions which have occurred at the volcano, with earlier calderas having formed around 700,000 and 840,000 years ago.<ref name=OregonState/> The last eruption had an estimated VEI 8 (described as "mega-colossal"), making it possibly the largest explosive [[volcanic eruption]] within the last 25 million years. |
<!--The '''Toba eruption''' (the '''Toba event''') occurred at what is now Lake Toba about 67,500 to 75,500 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Zielinski | first = G. A. | coauthors = P.A. Mayewski, L.D. Meeker, S. Whitlow, M. Twickler and K. Taylor | year = 1996 | title = Potential Atmospheric impact of the Toba mega-eruption ~71'000 years ago | journal = Geophysical Research Letters | volume = 23 | issue = 8 | pages = 837–840 | publisher = American Geophysical Union | location = United States | doi = 10.1029/96GL00706 | bibcode=1996GeoRL..23..837Z}}</ref> The Toba eruption was the latest of a series of at least three [[caldera]]-forming eruptions which have occurred at the volcano, with earlier calderas having formed around 700,000 and 840,000 years ago.<ref name=OregonState/> The last eruption had an estimated VEI 8 (described as "mega-colossal"), making it possibly the largest explosive [[volcanic eruption]] within the last 25 million years. |
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On 12 September 2007, a [[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes|magnitude 8.5 earthquake]] shook the ground in Sumatra and was felt in the Indonesian capital, [[Jakarta]]. The epicenter for this earthquake was not as close as the previous two earthquakes, but it was in the same vicinity.--> |
On 12 September 2007, a [[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes|magnitude 8.5 earthquake]] shook the ground in Sumatra and was felt in the Indonesian capital, [[Jakarta]]. The epicenter for this earthquake was not as close as the previous two earthquakes, but it was in the same vicinity.--> |
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2010 елның 26 октябрь көне Индонезияның Пагай-селатан утравының 36 км көньяк-көнбатышта 3 м |
2010 елның 26 октябрь көне Индонезияның Пагай-селатан утравының 36 км көньяк-көнбатышта 3 м [[бөеклек]]тә [[цунами]] тудырган 7,7 дәрәҗәсендә җиртетрәве урын алды. |
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2012 елның 10 гыйнварында регионда 7,3 бөеклеге |
2012 елның 10 гыйнварында регионда 7,3 бөеклеге [[җиртетрәү]] урын алды. |
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===Атылу мөмкинлеге=== |
===Атылу мөмкинлеге=== |
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[[Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment|GRACE]] |
[[Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment|GRACE]] [[иярчен]]е күрсәткәненчә, Суматра утравы тирәсендәге 2004 елгы җиртетрәве<ref name="utexas-Gross">{{Cite web |
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| last = Gross | first = Richard |
| last = Gross | first = Richard |
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| title = The Gravitational Signature of the December 26, 2004 Sumatran Earthquake |
| title = The Gravitational Signature of the December 26, 2004 Sumatran Earthquake |
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| url = http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/GSTM/abstracts/abstract_submissions/gross_1126218371.html |
| url = http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/GSTM/abstracts/abstract_submissions/gross_1126218371.html |
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| date = October 2005 | accessdate = December 2011 |
| date = October 2005 | accessdate = December 2011 |
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}}</ref> Җир |
}}</ref> [[Җир шары]]ның [[форма]]сын үзгәртте<ref>{{Cite news |
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| last1 = Kuo | first1 = Chung-Yen |
| last1 = Kuo | first1 = Chung-Yen |
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| last2 = Ji | first2 = Chen |
| last2 = Ji | first2 = Chen |
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=== Күренеш === |
=== Күренеш === |
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[[Image:ParapatPano.jpg|top|1030px|thumb|left|Тоба күлендәге [[Самосир утравы]]ннан [[Парапат]]ның панорама |
[[Image:ParapatPano.jpg|top|1030px|thumb|left|Тоба күлендәге [[Самосир утравы]]ннан [[Парапат]]ның [[панорама]] [[күренеш]]е]] |
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==Галерея== |
==Галерея== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Toba Lake Parapat Arrival.JPG | |
File:Toba Lake Parapat Arrival.JPG |[[Парапат]]тан Тоба күле күренеше |
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File:Lake Toba Driver Ambarita.JPG | |
File:Lake Toba Driver Ambarita.JPG |[[Амбарита]]дан Тоба күле күренеше |
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File:Toba Lake Villages Samosir.JPG |Самосир Тоба күле авыллары |
File:Toba Lake Villages Samosir.JPG |[[Самосир]] Тоба күле авыллары |
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File:Parapat-harbor 09N9196.jpg|Парапат |
File:Parapat-harbor 09N9196.jpg|Парапат [[лиман]]ы |
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File:Batak-village 09N9400-01.jpg|Батак |
File:Batak-village 09N9400-01.jpg|[[Батак]] [[авыл]]ы |
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File:Simanindo 09N9454-55.jpg|Күлнең Симаниндодан күренеше |
File:Simanindo 09N9454-55.jpg|Күлнең Симаниндодан күренеше |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
5 июн 2012, 19:10 юрамасы
Бу мәкаләдә хаталар һәм/яки ялгышлыклар бар. Мәкалә эчтәлегенең татар теле грамматик нормаларына туры килүен тикшерергә кирәк.
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Тоба күле (индон. Danau Toba) - 2°41′04″ т. к. 98°52′32″ кч. о.HGЯO урнашкан күл һәм супер-янартау. Күл озынлыгы - 100 километр, киңлеге - 30 километр. Индонезияның Суматра утравының төньяк өлешенең уртасында урнашкан күл 2°53′ т. к. 98°31′ кч. о.HGЯO белән 2°21′ т. к. 99°06′ кч. о.HGЯO нокталары арасында сузыла. Индонезияның иң эре күле һәм дөньяның иң эре янартау күле булуы мәгълүм.[1]
Геология
Атылу
Атылу Көньяк Азияны якынча 15 см көл юрганы каплады; үзәк Һиндстандагы бер җирлегендә бүгенге көндә сакланган көл юрганы тирәнлеге 6 м[2], Малайзия кайбер урыннарында 9 м янартау көле белән капланган иде.[3] Монын өстеннән, вакыйга нәтиҗәсендә атмосферага кислота яңгырына китергән 10 000 миллион тонна күкерт кислотасы[4] [чыганагы?] яки 6 000 миллион тонна күкерт диоксиды[5] эләгүенә китергән.
Соңгы арадагы активлык
2010 елның 26 октябрь көне Индонезияның Пагай-селатан утравының 36 км көньяк-көнбатышта 3 м бөеклектә цунами тудырган 7,7 дәрәҗәсендә җиртетрәве урын алды.
2012 елның 10 гыйнварында регионда 7,3 бөеклеге җиртетрәү урын алды.
Атылу мөмкинлеге
GRACE иярчене күрсәткәненчә, Суматра утравы тирәсендәге 2004 елгы җиртетрәве[6] Җир шарының формасын үзгәртте[7]. Якын тирәдә соңгы арада урын алган җиртетрәүләре бу колоссаль климат-үзгәртүче магма активлыгын башлата алуы мөмкин.
Кешеләрe
Флора һәм фауна
Күренеш
Галерея
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Парапаттан Тоба күле күренеше
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Амбаритадан Тоба күле күренеше
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Самосир Тоба күле авыллары
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Парапат лиманы
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Күлнең Симаниндодан күренеше
Шулай ук карагыз
Искәрмәләр
- ↑ Worldlakes.org
- ↑ (1993) «Toba ash on the South Asia and its implications for correlation of late pleistocene alluvium». Quaternary Research 40 (1): 10–19. DOI:10.1006/qres.1993.1051.
- ↑ Scrivenor, John Brooke (1931). The Geology of Malaya. London: MacMillan. ., noted by Weber.
- ↑ (2001) «Cooling of the South China Sea by the Toba Eruption and correlation with other climate proxies ∼71,000 years ago». Geophysical Research Letters 28 (20): 3915–3918. DOI:10.1029/2000GL006113.
- ↑ (2009) «Did the Toba volcanic eruption of ~74k BP produce widespread glaciation?». Journal of Geophysical Research 114: D10107. DOI:10.1029/2008JD011652.
- ↑ Gross, Richard (October 2005). The Gravitational Signature of the December 26, 2004 Sumatran Earthquake. University of Texas Center for Space Research. December 2011 тикшерелгән.
- ↑ Satellite Data Reveals Gravity Change From Sumatran Earthquake, Ohio State University Research News (August 2006). 1 декабрь 2011 тикшерелде.
Өстәмә әдәбият
- Rampino, Michael R. and Stephen Self (1993). «Climate-volcanism feedback and the Toba eruption of 74,000 Years Ago». Quaternary Research 40 (3): 269–280. DOI:10.1006/qres.1993.1081.
- Vazquez, Jorge A. and Mary R. Reid (2004). «Probing the accumulation history of the voluminous Toba Magma». Science 305 (5686): 991–994. DOI:10.1126/science.1096994. PMID 15310899.
- Petraglia, M. et al. (2007). «Middle Paleolithic Assemblages from the Indian Subcontinent Before and After the Toba Super-Eruption». Science 317 (5834): 114–116. DOI:10.1126/science.1141564. PMID 17615356.
Сылтамалар
- Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia – Volcano.umd.edu Accessed 11 December 2005 Калып:Dead link
- Stanley H. Ambrose, Volcanic Winter, and Differentiation of Modern Humans Accessed 11 December 2005
- Joel Achenbach, Who Knew, National Geographic Accessed 11 December 2005
- George Weber, Toba Volcano
- (Lake Toba Ecosystem Management Plan) From laketoba.org
- Калып:Wikitravel