Инҗил: юрамалар арасында аерма
Контент бетерелгән Контент өстәлгән
кТөзәтмә аңлатмасы юк |
кТөзәтмә аңлатмасы юк |
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[[Ислам]]да ''[[:en:Injil|Инҗил (ингл.)]]'' ({{lang-ar|إنجيل}}) – Гайсәнең инҗилен билгеләү өчен кулланылгар гарәп теле термины. [[Коръән]] аның [[Аллаһ]] тарафыннан җибәрелгән дүрт [[:en:Islamic holy books|мөселманнар өчен изге саналган китаплар]] санына кертә. Ислам тәгълиматы буенча, вакыт узу белән Инҗилгә ялгышлыклар керү сәбәпле, Аллаһ [[Коръән|соңгы китапны]] китерер өчен [[Мөхәммәт пәйгамбәр]]не җибәрде.<ref>''Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', B.M. Wheeler, ''Injil''</ref> |
[[Ислам]]да ''[[:en:Injil|Инҗил (ингл.)]]'' ({{lang-ar|إنجيل}}) – Гайсәнең инҗилен билгеләү өчен кулланылгар гарәп теле термины. [[Коръән]] аның [[Аллаһ]] тарафыннан җибәрелгән дүрт [[:en:Islamic holy books|мөселманнар өчен изге саналган китаплар]] санына кертә. Ислам тәгълиматы буенча, вакыт узу белән Инҗилгә ялгышлыклар керү сәбәпле, Аллаһ [[Коръән|соңгы китапны]] китерер өчен [[Мөхәммәт пәйгамбәр]]не җибәрде.<ref>''Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', B.M. Wheeler, ''Injil''</ref> |
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==Этимология== |
==Этимология== |
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{{Christianity|state=collapsed}} |
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{{Main|Good News (Christianity)}} |
{{Main|Good News (Christianity)}} |
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The word ''gospel'' derives from the [[Old English language|Old English]] ''gōd-spell'' <ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gospel</ref> (rarely ''godspel''), meaning "good news" or "glad tidings". It is a [[calque]] (word-for-word translation) of the [[Koine Greek|Greek]] word {{lang|grc|εὐαγγέλιον}}, ''euangelion'' (''eu-'' "good", ''-angelion'' "message"). The Greek word ''euangelion'' is also the source (via [[Latinised]] ''evangelium'') of the terms "evangelist" and "[[evangelism]]" in English. The authors of the four canonical Christian gospels are known as the [[four evangelists]]. |
The word ''gospel'' derives from the [[Old English language|Old English]] ''gōd-spell'' <ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gospel</ref> (rarely ''godspel''), meaning "good news" or "glad tidings". It is a [[calque]] (word-for-word translation) of the [[Koine Greek|Greek]] word {{lang|grc|εὐαγγέλιον}}, ''euangelion'' (''eu-'' "good", ''-angelion'' "message"). The Greek word ''euangelion'' is also the source (via [[Latinised]] ''evangelium'') of the terms "evangelist" and "[[evangelism]]" in English. The authors of the four canonical Christian gospels are known as the [[four evangelists]]. |
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More generally, gospels compose a [[genre]] of [[early Christian]] [[literature]].<ref>Peter Stuhlmacher, ed., ''Das Evangelium und die Evangelien'', [[Tübingen]] 1983, also in English: ''The Gospel and the Gospels''</ref> Gospels that did not become canonical also circulated in [[Early Christianity]]. Some, such as the work known today as [[Gospel of Thomas]], lack the narrative framework typical of a gospel.<ref name="Oxford:unspecified">Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, unspecified article</ref> These gospels almost certainly appeared much later than the canonical gospels, with the Gospel of Thomas being a likely exception. |
More generally, gospels compose a [[genre]] of [[early Christian]] [[literature]].<ref>Peter Stuhlmacher, ed., ''Das Evangelium und die Evangelien'', [[Tübingen]] 1983, also in English: ''The Gospel and the Gospels''</ref> Gospels that did not become canonical also circulated in [[Early Christianity]]. Some, such as the work known today as [[Gospel of Thomas]], lack the narrative framework typical of a gospel.<ref name="Oxford:unspecified">Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, unspecified article</ref> These gospels almost certainly appeared much later than the canonical gospels, with the Gospel of Thomas being a likely exception. |
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==Беренче пәйдә булулары == |
==Беренче пәйдә булулары == |
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Critical scholars generally agree on several early sayings, collections, and accounts preceding the "canonical" gospels. The dedicatory preface of the [[Gospel of Luke]] testifies already to the existence of several "accounts" of the life of Jesus by the time of its composition.<ref>Stanley E. Porter ''Reading the Gospels today'' p100</ref> The term Luke uses (διήγησις ''diēgēsis'') is a term used in classical Greek for any historical narrative.<ref>Charles H. Talbert ''Reading Luke: a literary and theological commentary'' 2002 p2 "(3) What exactly is Luke? The prologue (1:1–4) says it is a diegesis (account). The second-century rhetorician Theon defines diegesis as "an expository account of things which happened or might have happened". Cicero (De Inv. 1.19.27)"</ref> The term "gospel" is not used in the New Testament text for any of the [[Biblical canon|canonical]] Gospels, though in later centuries a traditional reading of [[2 Corinthians]] 8:18 "the brother whose praise is the Gospel" was to sometimes identify this with Luke, and consequently Gospel of Luke.<ref>F. F. Bruce ''Acts'' p383</ref> |
Critical scholars generally agree on several early sayings, collections, and accounts preceding the "canonical" gospels. The dedicatory preface of the [[Gospel of Luke]] testifies already to the existence of several "accounts" of the life of Jesus by the time of its composition.<ref>Stanley E. Porter ''Reading the Gospels today'' p100</ref> The term Luke uses (διήγησις ''diēgēsis'') is a term used in classical Greek for any historical narrative.<ref>Charles H. Talbert ''Reading Luke: a literary and theological commentary'' 2002 p2 "(3) What exactly is Luke? The prologue (1:1–4) says it is a diegesis (account). The second-century rhetorician Theon defines diegesis as "an expository account of things which happened or might have happened". Cicero (De Inv. 1.19.27)"</ref> The term "gospel" is not used in the New Testament text for any of the [[Biblical canon|canonical]] Gospels, though in later centuries a traditional reading of [[2 Corinthians]] 8:18 "the brother whose praise is the Gospel" was to sometimes identify this with Luke, and consequently Gospel of Luke.<ref>F. F. Bruce ''Acts'' p383</ref> |
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==Охшаш инҗилләр== |
==Охшаш инҗилләр== |
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{{main|:en:synoptic gospels}} |
{{main|:en:synoptic gospels}} |
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The gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke are considered [[synoptic gospels]] on the basis of many similarities between them that are not shared by the Gospel of John. "Synoptic" means here that they can be "seen" or "read together," indicating the many parallels that exist among the three. The synoptic gospels are the source of many popular stories, parables, and sermons, such as [[Nativity of Jesus|Jesus' humble birth in Bethlehem]], the [[Sermon on the Mount]], the [[Beatitudes]], the [[Last Supper]], and the [[Great Commission]]. It is widely believed that the three synoptic gospels derive from a common source or set of sources, and that they directly or indirectly borrowed from or were influenced by each other. For example, the vast majority of material in Mark is also present in either Luke or Matthew or both, suggesting that Mark was a source for Matthew and Luke. The existence of common material in Matthew and Luke not contained in Mark suggests that both Matthew and Luke had at least one other source at their disposal. |
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The fourth gospel, the Gospel of John, presents a very different picture of Jesus and his [[Ministry of Jesus|ministry]] from the synoptics.<ref>Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.</ref> In differentiating history from invention, some historians interpret the gospel accounts skeptically<ref name = "Sanders">[[E. P. Sanders|Sanders, E. P.]], ''The historical figure of Jesus'', Penguin, 1993.</ref> but generally regard the synoptic gospels as including significant amounts of historically reliable information about Jesus.<ref name = "Sanders"/> |
The fourth gospel, the Gospel of John, presents a very different picture of Jesus and his [[Ministry of Jesus|ministry]] from the synoptics.<ref>Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.</ref> In differentiating history from invention, some historians interpret the gospel accounts skeptically<ref name = "Sanders">[[E. P. Sanders|Sanders, E. P.]], ''The historical figure of Jesus'', Penguin, 1993.</ref> but generally regard the synoptic gospels as including significant amounts of historically reliable information about Jesus.<ref name = "Sanders"/> |
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==Каноник инҗилләр== |
==Каноник инҗилләр== |
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{{Main|:en:Development of the New Testament canon}} |
{{Main|:en:Development of the New Testament canon}} |
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{{Gospel Jesus}} |
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Of the many gospels written in antiquity, only four gospels came to be accepted as part of the [[New Testament]], or [[Biblical canon|canonical]]. An insistence upon there being a canon of four gospels, and no others, was a central theme of [[Irenaeus of Lyons]], c. 185. In his central work, ''[[On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis|Adversus Haereses]]'' Irenaeus denounced various early Christian groups that used only one gospel, such as [[Marcionism]] which used only [[Gospel of Marcion|Marcion's version of Luke]], or the [[Ebionites]] which seem to have used an [[Gospel of the Ebionites|Aramaic version of Matthew]] as well as groups that embraced the texts of newer writings, such as the [[Valentinius|Valentinians]] (''A.H.'' 1.11). Irenaeus declared that the four he espoused were the four "Pillars of the Church": "it is not possible that there can be either more or fewer than four" he stated, presenting as logic the [[analogy]] of the four corners of the earth and the four winds (3.11.8). His image, taken from ''[[Ezekiel]]'' 1, or [[Revelation]] 4:6–10, of God's throne borne by four creatures with four faces—"the four had the face of a man, and the face of a lion, on the right side: and the four had the face of an ox on the left side; they four also had the face of an eagle"—equivalent to the "four-formed" gospel, is the origin of the conventional symbols of the Evangelists: lion, bull, eagle, man. Irenaeus was ultimately successful in declaring that the four gospels collectively, and exclusively these four, contained the truth. He also supported reading each gospel in light of the others. |
Of the many gospels written in antiquity, only four gospels came to be accepted as part of the [[New Testament]], or [[Biblical canon|canonical]]. An insistence upon there being a canon of four gospels, and no others, was a central theme of [[Irenaeus of Lyons]], c. 185. In his central work, ''[[On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis|Adversus Haereses]]'' Irenaeus denounced various early Christian groups that used only one gospel, such as [[Marcionism]] which used only [[Gospel of Marcion|Marcion's version of Luke]], or the [[Ebionites]] which seem to have used an [[Gospel of the Ebionites|Aramaic version of Matthew]] as well as groups that embraced the texts of newer writings, such as the [[Valentinius|Valentinians]] (''A.H.'' 1.11). Irenaeus declared that the four he espoused were the four "Pillars of the Church": "it is not possible that there can be either more or fewer than four" he stated, presenting as logic the [[analogy]] of the four corners of the earth and the four winds (3.11.8). His image, taken from ''[[Ezekiel]]'' 1, or [[Revelation]] 4:6–10, of God's throne borne by four creatures with four faces—"the four had the face of a man, and the face of a lion, on the right side: and the four had the face of an ox on the left side; they four also had the face of an eagle"—equivalent to the "four-formed" gospel, is the origin of the conventional symbols of the Evangelists: lion, bull, eagle, man. Irenaeus was ultimately successful in declaring that the four gospels collectively, and exclusively these four, contained the truth. He also supported reading each gospel in light of the others. |
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Medieval copies of the four canonical gospels are known as [[Gospel Book]]s or also simply as Gospels (in Greek as ''Tetraevangelia''). Notable examples include the [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] (c. 700), the [[Barberini Gospels]], [[Lichfield Gospels]] and the [[Vienna Coronation Gospels]] (8th century), the [[Book of Kells]] and the [[Ada Gospels]] (c. 800) or the [[Ebbo Gospels]] (9th century). |
Medieval copies of the four canonical gospels are known as [[Gospel Book]]s or also simply as Gospels (in Greek as ''Tetraevangelia''). Notable examples include the [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] (c. 700), the [[Barberini Gospels]], [[Lichfield Gospels]] and the [[Vienna Coronation Gospels]] (8th century), the [[Book of Kells]] and the [[Ada Gospels]] (c. 800) or the [[Ebbo Gospels]] (9th century). |
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===Барлыкка килүләре=== |
===Барлыкка килүләре=== |
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{{Main|:en:Synoptic problem}} |
{{Main|:en:Synoptic problem}} |
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The majority view today is that Mark is the first gospel, with Matthew and Luke borrowing passages both from that gospel and from at least one other common source, lost to history, termed by scholars '[[Q document|Q]]' (from {{lang-de|Quelle}}, meaning "source"). This view is known as the "[[two-source hypothesis]]".<ref name="Goodacre">For a dissenting view, see[[Mark Goodacre]].</ref> The [[two-gospel hypothesis]], in contrast, says that Matthew was written first (by Matthew the Apostle), and then Luke the Evangelist wrote his gospel (using Matthew as his main source) before Mark the Evangelist wrote his gospel (using Peter's testimony). John was written last and shares little with the synoptic gospels. |
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The gospels were apparently composed in stages. Mark's traditional ending (Mark 16:9–20, see [[Mark 16]]) was most likely composed early in the 2nd century and appended to Mark in the middle of that century.<ref name = "May Metzger Mark">May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977. "Mark" p. 1213–1239</ref> The birth and infancy narratives apparently developed late in the tradition.<ref name = "ActJBirth">[[Robert W. Funk|Funk, Robert W.]] and the [[Jesus Seminar]]. ''The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus''. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Birth & Infancy Stories" p. 497–526.</ref> Luke and Matthew may have originally appeared without their first two chapters.<ref name = "ActJBirth"/> |
The gospels were apparently composed in stages. Mark's traditional ending (Mark 16:9–20, see [[Mark 16]]) was most likely composed early in the 2nd century and appended to Mark in the middle of that century.<ref name = "May Metzger Mark">May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977. "Mark" p. 1213–1239</ref> The birth and infancy narratives apparently developed late in the tradition.<ref name = "ActJBirth">[[Robert W. Funk|Funk, Robert W.]] and the [[Jesus Seminar]]. ''The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus''. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Birth & Infancy Stories" p. 497–526.</ref> Luke and Matthew may have originally appeared without their first two chapters.<ref name = "ActJBirth"/> |
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The consensus among biblical scholars is that all four canonical gospels were originally written in [[Greek language|Greek]], the [[lingua franca]] of the Roman Orient. |
The consensus among biblical scholars is that all four canonical gospels were originally written in [[Greek language|Greek]], the [[lingua franca]] of the Roman Orient. |
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====Датировка==== |
====Датировка==== |
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Estimates for the dates when the canonical gospel accounts were written vary significantly; and the evidence for any of the dates is scanty. Because the earliest surviving complete copies of the gospels date to the 4th century and because only fragments and quotations exist before that, scholars use [[higher criticism]] to propose likely ranges of dates for the original gospel autographs. Scholars variously assess the majority (though not the consensus <ref>Black, David A. (2001). Rethinking the Synoptic Problem. Baker Academic. ISBN 0-8010-2281-9{{page needed|date=November 2011}}</ref>) view as follows: |
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* Mark: c. 68–73,<ref name="Brown">[[Raymond E. Brown]]. An Introduction to the New Testament.</ref> c. 65–70<ref name="ReferenceB">Harris Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985</ref> |
* Mark: c. 68–73,<ref name="Brown">[[Raymond E. Brown]]. An Introduction to the New Testament.</ref> c. 65–70<ref name="ReferenceB">Harris Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985</ref> |
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* Matthew: c. 70–100.<ref name="Brown"/> c. 80–85.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> |
* Matthew: c. 70–100.<ref name="Brown"/> c. 80–85.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> |
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Such early dates are not limited to conservative scholars. In ''Redating the New Testament'' [[John A. T. Robinson]], a prominent liberal theologian and bishop, makes a case for composition dates before the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|fall of Jerusalem]] in AD 70. |
Such early dates are not limited to conservative scholars. In ''Redating the New Testament'' [[John A. T. Robinson]], a prominent liberal theologian and bishop, makes a case for composition dates before the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|fall of Jerusalem]] in AD 70. |
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====Урыннар==== |
====Урыннар==== |
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Matthew was probably written in Syria, perhaps in [[Early centers of Christianity#Antioch|Antioch]],<ref name="ReferenceB"/> an ancient Christian center. Mark has traditionally been associated with Peter's preaching in [[Early centers of Christianity#Rome|Rome]], and it is well-suited to a Roman audience.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Various cities have been proposed for the origin of Luke, but there is no consensus on the matter. Ephesus, in [[Early centers of Christianity#Western Anatolia|Western Anatolia]], is a popular scholarly choice for the place of origin for the Gospel of John.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> |
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Following [[Raymond E. Brown|Raymond Brown]]'s postulation of a Johannine community having been responsible for John's gospel and letters,<ref>R. Brown, ''The Gospel According to John'' The Anchor Bible. (Garden City: Doubleday, 1966)</ref> other scholars have identified localized communities behind each of the other gospels and Q. This assumes the relative isolation of early Christian communities in which distinctive traditions concerning Jesus throve. Other scholars have questioned this hypothesis and have stressed the constant communication between early Christian communities.<ref>J. Dunn, "Jesus in Oral Memory": the Initial Stages of the Jesus Tradition" ''Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers'', 39 (2000) p. 325</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pages=139–75 |doi=10.1017/S0028688503000080 |title=Altering the Default Setting: Re-envisaging the Early Transmission of the Jesus Tradition |year=2003 |last1=Dunn |first1=James D. G. |journal=New Testament Studies |volume=49 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>R. Bauckham, "For Who Were the Gospels Written?" ''The Gospels for All Christians: Rethinking the Gospel Audiences'' (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), pp. 13–22</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pages=476–94 |doi=10.1017/S002868850400027X |title=A Q Community in Galilee? |year=2004 |last1=Pearson |first1=Birger A. |journal=New Testament Studies |volume=50 |issue=4}}</ref> |
Following [[Raymond E. Brown|Raymond Brown]]'s postulation of a Johannine community having been responsible for John's gospel and letters,<ref>R. Brown, ''The Gospel According to John'' The Anchor Bible. (Garden City: Doubleday, 1966)</ref> other scholars have identified localized communities behind each of the other gospels and Q. This assumes the relative isolation of early Christian communities in which distinctive traditions concerning Jesus throve. Other scholars have questioned this hypothesis and have stressed the constant communication between early Christian communities.<ref>J. Dunn, "Jesus in Oral Memory": the Initial Stages of the Jesus Tradition" ''Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers'', 39 (2000) p. 325</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pages=139–75 |doi=10.1017/S0028688503000080 |title=Altering the Default Setting: Re-envisaging the Early Transmission of the Jesus Tradition |year=2003 |last1=Dunn |first1=James D. G. |journal=New Testament Studies |volume=49 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>R. Bauckham, "For Who Were the Gospels Written?" ''The Gospels for All Christians: Rethinking the Gospel Audiences'' (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), pp. 13–22</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pages=476–94 |doi=10.1017/S002868850400027X |title=A Q Community in Galilee? |year=2004 |last1=Pearson |first1=Birger A. |journal=New Testament Studies |volume=50 |issue=4}}</ref> |
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====Сөйләм традициясе==== |
====Сөйләм традициясе==== |
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One of the most important concerns in accurately accounting for an oral Jesus tradition is the model of transmission used. Form criticism (''Formgeschichte'') was developed primarily by the German scholars Karl Ludwig Schmidt, Martin Dibelius, and Rudolf Bultmann.<ref>Schmidt, K. L. (1919). ''Der Rahmen der Geschichte Jesu''. Berlin: Paternoster.</ref><ref>Dibelius, M. (1919). ''Die Formgeschichte des Evangelium'' 3d Ed. Günter Bornkamm (ed). Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr.</ref><ref name="Bultmann, R. 1921">Bultmann, R. (1921). ''Die Geschichte der synoptischen Tradition''. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.</ref> The oral model developed by the form critics drew heavily on contemporary theory of folkloric transmission of oral material, and partly as a result of this form criticism posited that the Jesus tradition was transmitted informally, added to freely, and was uncontrolled.<ref name="biblicalstudies.org.uk">http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/article_tradition_bailey.html</ref> However, "Today it is no exaggeration to claim that a whole spectrum of main assumptions underlying Bultmann's ''Synoptic Tradition'' must be considered suspect."<ref>Kelber, W. H. (1997). ''The Oral and Written Gospel: The Hermeneutics of Speaking and Writing in the Synoptic Tradition, Mark, Paul, and Q.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 8.</ref> |
One of the most important concerns in accurately accounting for an oral Jesus tradition is the model of transmission used. Form criticism (''Formgeschichte'') was developed primarily by the German scholars Karl Ludwig Schmidt, Martin Dibelius, and Rudolf Bultmann.<ref>Schmidt, K. L. (1919). ''Der Rahmen der Geschichte Jesu''. Berlin: Paternoster.</ref><ref>Dibelius, M. (1919). ''Die Formgeschichte des Evangelium'' 3d Ed. Günter Bornkamm (ed). Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr.</ref><ref name="Bultmann, R. 1921">Bultmann, R. (1921). ''Die Geschichte der synoptischen Tradition''. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.</ref> The oral model developed by the form critics drew heavily on contemporary theory of folkloric transmission of oral material, and partly as a result of this form criticism posited that the Jesus tradition was transmitted informally, added to freely, and was uncontrolled.<ref name="biblicalstudies.org.uk">http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/article_tradition_bailey.html</ref> However, "Today it is no exaggeration to claim that a whole spectrum of main assumptions underlying Bultmann's ''Synoptic Tradition'' must be considered suspect."<ref>Kelber, W. H. (1997). ''The Oral and Written Gospel: The Hermeneutics of Speaking and Writing in the Synoptic Tradition, Mark, Paul, and Q.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 8.</ref> |
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Controlled models of the Jesus tradition, and with them an evaluation of the gospels as possessing greater historical reliability, have been accepted by some scholars in recent years.<ref>Wansbrough, H. (Ed). ''Jesus and the Oral Gospel Tradition'' London: Sheffield Academic Press{{page needed|date=November 2011}}</ref><ref>.Dunn, J. D. G. (2003). ''Jesus Remembered'' Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.{{page needed|date=November 2011}}</ref><ref name = "ActJIntro">[[Robert W. Funk|Funk, Robert W.]] and the [[Jesus Seminar]]. ''The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus''. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. Introduction, p. 1–40</ref> However Thomas R. Yoder Neufeld adds that the early followers of Jesus were not interested in simply preserving the past but were also interested in fitting the narratives to suit urgent information, audience interest and creativity in communication and believed that they were in direct communication with Jesus though the Holy Spirit, thus making it still difficult for historians to assess the historical reliability of the oral tradition.<ref>Thomas R. Yoder Neufeld. ''Recovering Jesus: the witness of the New Testament'' p. 34, 52. Brazos Press, 2007.</ref> With regards to Bailey's studies, Maurice Casey writes that they cannot be applied to 1st century Jews as they were about a different culture at a different time.<ref>Maurice Casey, ''Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching'', p. 48. Continuum International Publishing Group. 2010.</ref> |
Controlled models of the Jesus tradition, and with them an evaluation of the gospels as possessing greater historical reliability, have been accepted by some scholars in recent years.<ref>Wansbrough, H. (Ed). ''Jesus and the Oral Gospel Tradition'' London: Sheffield Academic Press{{page needed|date=November 2011}}</ref><ref>.Dunn, J. D. G. (2003). ''Jesus Remembered'' Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.{{page needed|date=November 2011}}</ref><ref name = "ActJIntro">[[Robert W. Funk|Funk, Robert W.]] and the [[Jesus Seminar]]. ''The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus''. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. Introduction, p. 1–40</ref> However Thomas R. Yoder Neufeld adds that the early followers of Jesus were not interested in simply preserving the past but were also interested in fitting the narratives to suit urgent information, audience interest and creativity in communication and believed that they were in direct communication with Jesus though the Holy Spirit, thus making it still difficult for historians to assess the historical reliability of the oral tradition.<ref>Thomas R. Yoder Neufeld. ''Recovering Jesus: the witness of the New Testament'' p. 34, 52. Brazos Press, 2007.</ref> With regards to Bailey's studies, Maurice Casey writes that they cannot be applied to 1st century Jews as they were about a different culture at a different time.<ref>Maurice Casey, ''Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching'', p. 48. Continuum International Publishing Group. 2010.</ref> |
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===Тарихи яктан ышанычлылыгы=== |
===Тарихи яктан ышанычлылыгы=== |
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{{Main|:en:Historical reliability of the Gospels}} |
{{Main|:en:Historical reliability of the Gospels}} |
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The historicity of the gospels refers to the reliability and historic character of the four New Testament gospels as historical documents. Historians subject the gospels to critical analysis, attempting to differentiate authentic, reliable information from what they judge to be inventions, exaggerations, and alterations. However, all four of the Gospels meet the five criteria for historical reliability.<ref name = "Sanders">Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993.</ref> |
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Some biblical scholars consider the synoptic gospels to contain much reliable historical information about the [[historicity of Jesus|historical Jesus]] as a Galilean teacher <ref>"The nonhistoricity thesis has always been controversial, and it has consistently failed to convince scholars of many disciplines and religious creeds. ... Biblical scholars and classical historians now regard it as effectively refuted."—[[Robert E. Van Voorst|Van Voorst, Robert E.]] ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence'' (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2000), p. 16.</ref><ref>"The denial of Jesus' historicity has never convinced any large number of people, in or out of technical circles, nor did it in the first part of the century." Walter P. Weaver, ''The Historical Jesus in the Twentieth Century, 1900–1950'', (Continuum International, 1999), page 71.</ref> and of the religious movement he founded, but not everything contained in the gospels is considered to be historically reliable.<ref>The Myth about Jesus, Allvar Ellegard 1992,</ref><ref>Craig Evans, "Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology", Theological Studies 54 (1993) p. 5,</ref><ref>Charles H. Talbert, What Is a Gospel? The Genre of Canonical Gospels pg 42 (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977).</ref><ref>“The Historical Figure of Jesus", Sanders, E.P., Penguin Books: London, 1995, p., 3.</ref><ref>Fire of Mercy, Heart of the Word (Vol. II): Meditations on the Gospel According to St. Matthew – Dr Erasmo Leiva-Merikakis, Ignatius Press, Introduction</ref><ref>Grant, Robert M., "A Historical Introduction to the New Testament" (Harper and Row, 1963) http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230</ref><ref>http://www.church.org.uk/resources/csdetail.asp?csdate=01/04/2007</ref> |
Some biblical scholars consider the synoptic gospels to contain much reliable historical information about the [[historicity of Jesus|historical Jesus]] as a Galilean teacher <ref>"The nonhistoricity thesis has always been controversial, and it has consistently failed to convince scholars of many disciplines and religious creeds. ... Biblical scholars and classical historians now regard it as effectively refuted."—[[Robert E. Van Voorst|Van Voorst, Robert E.]] ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence'' (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2000), p. 16.</ref><ref>"The denial of Jesus' historicity has never convinced any large number of people, in or out of technical circles, nor did it in the first part of the century." Walter P. Weaver, ''The Historical Jesus in the Twentieth Century, 1900–1950'', (Continuum International, 1999), page 71.</ref> and of the religious movement he founded, but not everything contained in the gospels is considered to be historically reliable.<ref>The Myth about Jesus, Allvar Ellegard 1992,</ref><ref>Craig Evans, "Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology", Theological Studies 54 (1993) p. 5,</ref><ref>Charles H. Talbert, What Is a Gospel? The Genre of Canonical Gospels pg 42 (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977).</ref><ref>“The Historical Figure of Jesus", Sanders, E.P., Penguin Books: London, 1995, p., 3.</ref><ref>Fire of Mercy, Heart of the Word (Vol. II): Meditations on the Gospel According to St. Matthew – Dr Erasmo Leiva-Merikakis, Ignatius Press, Introduction</ref><ref>Grant, Robert M., "A Historical Introduction to the New Testament" (Harper and Row, 1963) http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230</ref><ref>http://www.church.org.uk/resources/csdetail.asp?csdate=01/04/2007</ref> |
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Some Christian scholars maintain that the gospels are [[inerrancy|inerrant]] descriptions of the life of Jesus.<ref>Wayne Grudem, ''Systematic Theology'' (Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 1994); pages 90–91</ref> On the other extreme, some scholars have concluded that the gospels provide no historical information about Jesus's life since the first gospel account (Mark) may have appeared as much as forty years after Jesus's death.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Howard M. Teeple |year=1970 |month=March |title=The Oral Tradition That Never Existed |jstor=3263638 |journal=Journal of Biblical Literature |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=56–68 |doi=10.2307/3263638 }}</ref> |
Some Christian scholars maintain that the gospels are [[inerrancy|inerrant]] descriptions of the life of Jesus.<ref>Wayne Grudem, ''Systematic Theology'' (Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 1994); pages 90–91</ref> On the other extreme, some scholars have concluded that the gospels provide no historical information about Jesus's life since the first gospel account (Mark) may have appeared as much as forty years after Jesus's death.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Howard M. Teeple |year=1970 |month=March |title=The Oral Tradition That Never Existed |jstor=3263638 |journal=Journal of Biblical Literature |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=56–68 |doi=10.2307/3263638 }}</ref> |
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===Контент=== |
===Контент=== |
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The four gospels present [[Internal consistency of the Bible#Gospels|different narratives]], reflecting different intents on the parts of their authors.<ref name = "mvkcgb">Ehrman. Misquoting Jesus.</ref> |
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All four gospels portray Jesus as leading a group of disciples, performing miracles, preaching in [[Jerusalem in Christianity|Jerusalem]], being crucified, and [[Resurrection appearances of Jesus|rising from the dead]]. |
All four gospels portray Jesus as leading a group of disciples, performing miracles, preaching in [[Jerusalem in Christianity|Jerusalem]], being crucified, and [[Resurrection appearances of Jesus|rising from the dead]]. |
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The Gospel of John represents Jesus as an incarnation of the eternal Word (Logos), who spoke no parables, talked extensively about himself, and did not explicitly refer to a [[Second Coming]].<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Jesus preaches in Jerusalem, launching his ministry with the cleansing of the temple. He performs several miracles as signs, most of them not found in the synoptics. The Gospel of John ends:(21:25) "And there are also many other things which Jesus did, the which, if they should be written every one, I suppose that even the world itself could not contain the books that should be written. Amen." |
The Gospel of John represents Jesus as an incarnation of the eternal Word (Logos), who spoke no parables, talked extensively about himself, and did not explicitly refer to a [[Second Coming]].<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Jesus preaches in Jerusalem, launching his ministry with the cleansing of the temple. He performs several miracles as signs, most of them not found in the synoptics. The Gospel of John ends:(21:25) "And there are also many other things which Jesus did, the which, if they should be written every one, I suppose that even the world itself could not contain the books that should be written. Amen." |
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===Жанр=== |
===Жанр=== |
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One important aspect of the study of the gospels is the genre under which they fall. Genre "is a key convention guiding both the composition and the interpretation of writings.<ref>Burridge, R. A. (2006). Gospels. In J. W. Rogerson & Judith M. Lieu (Eds) ''The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 433</ref> " Whether the gospel authors set out to write novels, myths, histories, or biographies has a tremendous impact on how they ought to be interpreted. If, for example, Rudolf Bultmann was correct, and the gospel authors had no interest in history or in a historical Jesus,<ref name="Bultmann, R. 1921"/> then the gospels must be read and interpreted in this light. However, some recent studies suggest that the genre of the gospels ought to be situated within the realm of ancient biography.<ref>Stanton, G. N. (1974). ''Jesus of Nazareth in New Testament Preaching'' Society of New Testament Studies Monograph Series 27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.{{page needed|date=November 2011}}</ref><ref>Talbert, C. H. (1977). ''What is a Gospel? The Genre of the Canonical Gospels''. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.{{page needed|date=November 2011}}</ref><ref>Aune, D. E. (1987). ''The New Testament in Its Literary Environment''. Philadelphia: Westminster.{{page needed|date=November 2011}}</ref><ref>Frickenschmidt, D. (1997). ''Evangelium als Biographie: Die vier Evanelien im Rahmen antiker Erzählkunst''. Tübingen: Francke Verlag.</ref><ref>Burridge, R. A. (2004). ''What are the Gospels? A Comparison with Graeco-Roman Biography''. rev. updated edn. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans.</ref> Although not without critics,<ref>e.g. Vines, M. E. (2002). ''The Problem of the Markan Genre: The Gospel of Mark and the Jewish Novel''. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature{{page needed|date=November 2011}}</ref> the position that the gospels are a type of ancient biography is the consensus among scholars today.<ref>Burridge, R. A. (2006). Gospels. In J. W. Rogerson & Judith M. Lieu (Eds) ''The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 437</ref> |
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==Каноник булмаган инҗилләр== |
==Каноник булмаган инҗилләр== |
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{{Main|:en:New Testament apocrypha}} |
{{Main|:en:New Testament apocrypha}} |
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In addition to the four canonical gospels, early Christians wrote other gospels that were not accepted into the canon, some of which are discussed below. |
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===Яһүди-христиан инҗилләр=== |
===Яһүди-христиан инҗилләр=== |
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{{Main|:en:Jewish-Christian Gospels|:en:Gospel of the Nazarenes|:en:Gospel of the Ebionites|:en:Gospel of the Hebrews}} |
{{Main|:en:Jewish-Christian Gospels|:en:Gospel of the Nazarenes|:en:Gospel of the Ebionites|:en:Gospel of the Hebrews}} |
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[[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]], [[Jerome]] and other early church fathers preserve in their writings citations from one or more [[Jewish-Christian gospels]], versions of Matthew used by [[Ebionites]] and [[Nazarene (sect)|Nazarene]]s. Most modern critical scholars consider that the extant citations suggest at least two and probably three distinct Jewish-Christian versions of Matthew, and that the source language of these is probably Greek.<ref>[[Philipp Vielhauer]] in [[Schneemelcher]]'s ''New Testament Apocrypha'' Vol.1 (1971) English revised edition R. Wilson, of ''Neutestamentliche Apokryphen'' 1964 Hennecke & Schneemelcher</ref> A minority of scholars, including [[Edward Nicholson (librarian)|Edward Nicholson]] (1879) and [[James R. Edwards]] (2009) have suggested that the surviving citations are all from one gospel, which is, as Jerome himself records that the Nazarenes claimed, the original, and Hebrew, Gospel of Matthew.<ref>[[Edward Nicholson (librarian)|Edward Nicholson]] (1879), The Gospel according to the Hebrews: its fragments translated and annotated, first published 1879, [[James R. Edwards|Edwards, James R.]] ''The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009. p. 402 ISBN 0-8028-6234-9</ref> |
[[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]], [[Jerome]] and other early church fathers preserve in their writings citations from one or more [[Jewish-Christian gospels]], versions of Matthew used by [[Ebionites]] and [[Nazarene (sect)|Nazarene]]s. Most modern critical scholars consider that the extant citations suggest at least two and probably three distinct Jewish-Christian versions of Matthew, and that the source language of these is probably Greek.<ref>[[Philipp Vielhauer]] in [[Schneemelcher]]'s ''New Testament Apocrypha'' Vol.1 (1971) English revised edition R. Wilson, of ''Neutestamentliche Apokryphen'' 1964 Hennecke & Schneemelcher</ref> A minority of scholars, including [[Edward Nicholson (librarian)|Edward Nicholson]] (1879) and [[James R. Edwards]] (2009) have suggested that the surviving citations are all from one gospel, which is, as Jerome himself records that the Nazarenes claimed, the original, and Hebrew, Gospel of Matthew.<ref>[[Edward Nicholson (librarian)|Edward Nicholson]] (1879), The Gospel according to the Hebrews: its fragments translated and annotated, first published 1879, [[James R. Edwards|Edwards, James R.]] ''The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009. p. 402 ISBN 0-8028-6234-9</ref> |
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According to Eusebius, [[Origen]] said the first gospel was written by Matthew (''Church History'' 6.25.4). Jerome reports that the Nazarenes believed that this gospel was composed in Hebrew near Jerusalem for Hebrew Christians and Jerome claimed to have translated parts of it into Greek, but if so any the Greek translation has not survived. Jerome reports that the Nazarenes' Hebrew original was kept at the Library of Caesarea and that the Nazarene Community transcribed a copy for him which he used in his work (''On Illustrious Men'' 3:7) Jerome refers to this gospel sometimes as the ''Gospel according to the Hebrews'' (3.7) and sometimes as the ''Gospel of the Apostles'' (''Against Pelagius'' 3.2). |
According to Eusebius, [[Origen]] said the first gospel was written by Matthew (''Church History'' 6.25.4). Jerome reports that the Nazarenes believed that this gospel was composed in Hebrew near Jerusalem for Hebrew Christians and Jerome claimed to have translated parts of it into Greek, but if so any the Greek translation has not survived. Jerome reports that the Nazarenes' Hebrew original was kept at the Library of Caesarea and that the Nazarene Community transcribed a copy for him which he used in his work (''On Illustrious Men'' 3:7) Jerome refers to this gospel sometimes as the ''Gospel according to the Hebrews'' (3.7) and sometimes as the ''Gospel of the Apostles'' (''Against Pelagius'' 3.2). |
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===Фома инҗиле=== |
===Фома инҗиле=== |
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{{Main|:en:Gospel of Thomas}} |
{{Main|:en:Gospel of Thomas}} |
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The gospel attributed to Thomas is mostly [[Wisdom literature|wisdom]] without narrating Jesus's life. A few scholars argue that its first edition was written c. 50–60, but that the surviving edition was written in the first half of the 2nd century.<ref name = "5GStages"/> This would mean that its first edition was contemporary with the earliest letters of [[Paul the Apostle]]. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church says that the original may date from c. 150.<ref name=ODCC:GofT>"Thomas, Gospel of". Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> It may represent a tradition independent from the canonical gospels, but that developed over a long time and was influenced by Matthew and Luke.<ref name=ODCC:GofT/> While it can be understood in [[Gnostic]] terms, it lacks the characteristic features of Gnostic doctrine.<ref name=ODCC:GofT/> The Jesus Seminar identified two of its unique parables, the parable of the empty jug and the parable of the assassin.<ref name = "5GThomas">[[Robert W. Funk|Funk, Robert W.]], Roy W. Hoover, and the [[Jesus Seminar]]. ''The five gospels''. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. "The Gospel of Thomas", p 471–532.</ref> It had been lost but was discovered, in a Coptic version dating from c. 350, at [[Nag Hammadi]] in 1945–46, and three papyri, dated to c. 200, which contain fragments of a Greek text similar to but not identical with that in the Coptic language, have also been found.<ref name=ODCC:GofT/> |
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===Петр инҗиле=== |
===Петр инҗиле=== |
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{{Main|:en:Gospel of Peter}} |
{{Main|:en:Gospel of Peter}} |
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The gospel of Peter was likely written in the first half of the 2nd century.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Ehrman |
| last = Ehrman |
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| first = Bart |
| first = Bart |
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| page = xi |
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| isbn = 978-0-19-514183-2}}</ref> It seems to be largely legendary, hostile toward Jews, and including [[docetic]] elements.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Peter, Gospel of St.". Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> It had been lost but was rediscovered in the 19th century.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |
| isbn = 978-0-19-514183-2}}</ref> It seems to be largely legendary, hostile toward Jews, and including [[docetic]] elements.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Peter, Gospel of St.". Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> It had been lost but was rediscovered in the 19th century.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |
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===Иуда инҗиле=== |
===Иуда инҗиле=== |
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{{Main|:en:Gospel of Judas}} |
{{Main|:en:Gospel of Judas}} |
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The [[Gospel of Judas]] is another controversial and ancient text that purports to tell the story of the gospel from the perspective of Judas, the disciple who is usually said to have betrayed Jesus. It paints an unusual picture of the relationship between Jesus and Judas, in that appears to interpret Judas's act not as betrayal, but rather as an act of obedience to the instructions of Jesus. The text was recovered from a cave in Egypt by a thief and thereafter sold on the black market until it was finally discovered by a collector who, with the help of academics from Yale and Princeton, was able to verify its authenticity. The document itself does not claim to have been authored by Judas (it is, rather, a gospel about Judas), and dates no earlier than the 2nd century. |
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===Гайсәнең әйтемнәре җыелмасы=== |
===Гайсәнең әйтемнәре җыелмасы=== |
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{{Main|:en:Q document}} |
{{Main|:en:Q document}} |
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According to scholars proposing the existence of a hypothetical sayings-source, a ''Redensquelle'', "Q" (following the terminology of [[Johannes Weiss]]) at some time there existed a document comprised mostly sayings of Jesus with little narrative. It is presumed the source for many of Jesus' sayings in Matthew and Luke, and accordingly must have preceded these gospels. It is believed that the earliest form of the sayings were written c. 50–60.<ref name = "5GStages">[[Robert W. Funk|Funk, Robert W.]], Roy W. Hoover, and the [[Jesus Seminar]]. ''The five gospels''. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. "Stages in the Development of Early Christian Tradition" p. 128</ref> However [[Mark Goodacre]] and other scholars have questioned the existence of a Q document.<ref>{{Cite book|first=James|last=McConkey Robinson|title=The Sayings Gospel Q in Greek and English|year=2001|ISBN=0-8006-3494-2|page=23|quote="Q." (with a period making it clear that it was meant as an abbreviation, representing Quelle, "source") was first used in 1880, but "Q" came to be used simply as a symbol first in the 1890s, beginning with Johannes Weiss...}}</ref> |
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===Балачак инҗилләре=== |
===Балачак инҗилләре=== |
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{{Main|:en:Infancy gospel}} |
{{Main|:en:Infancy gospel}} |
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A genre of "[[Infancy gospel]]s" (Greek: ''protoevangelion'') arose in the 2nd century, such as the ''[[Gospel of James]]'', which introduces the concept of the [[Perpetual Virginity]] of Mary, and the ''[[Infancy Gospel of Thomas]]'' (not to be confused with the absolutely different sayings ''Gospel of Thomas''), both of which related many miraculous incidents from the life of Mary and the childhood of Jesus that are not included in the canonical gospels. |
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===Гармонизацияләр=== |
===Гармонизацияләр=== |
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{{Main|:en:gospel harmony}} |
{{Main|:en:gospel harmony}} |
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Another genre is that of [[gospel harmony|gospel harmonies]], in which the four canonical gospels were selectively recast as a single narrative to present a consistent text. Very few fragments of harmonies have survived. The ''[[Diatessaron]]'' was such a harmonization, compiled by [[Tatian]] around 175. It was popular for at least two centuries in [[Syria]], but eventually it fell into disuse. |
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===Марсионның Лука инҗиле=== |
===Марсионның Лука инҗиле=== |
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{{Main|:en:Gospel of Marcion}} |
{{Main|:en:Gospel of Marcion}} |
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[[Marcion of Sinope]], c. 150, had a version of the gospel of Luke which differed substantially from that which has now become the standard text. Marcion's version was far less Jewish than the now canonical text, and his critics alleged that he had edited out the portions he didn't like from the canonical version, though Marcion argued that his text was the more genuinely original one. Marcion also rejected all the other gospels, including Matthew, Mark and especially John, which he alleged had been forged by [[Irenaeus]]. |
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==Исламның карашлары== |
==Исламның карашлары== |
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{{Weasel|date=November 2012}} |
{{Weasel|date=November 2012}} |
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{{Main|:en:Injil}} |
{{Main|:en:Injil}} |
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The original gospel of Jesus is named the Injil ({{lang-ar|إنجيل}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|ʾInǧīl}}'') in the Qur'an. The word ''Injil'' occurs twelve times in the [[Qur'an]] and refers to the book of revelation given to the prophet [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]]. God taught Jesus both the law and gospel.<ref>{{Cite quran|3|48|s=ns}}: "And God will teach him the Book and Wisdom, the Law and the Gospel"</ref> Muslim scholars{{who|date=November 2012}} generally agree that ''Injil'' refers to the true gospel, bestowed upon Jesus by God. The word ''Injil'' is used in the [[Qur'an]], the [[Hadith]] and early Muslim documents{{fact|date=November 2012}} to refer specifically to the revelations made by God to Jesus. With the argument that a gospel should have a single source text as in [[Qur'an]], Muslims deduce that none of the gospel versions can be the ''Injil'' mentioned. Many Muslim scholars{{who|date=November 2012}} believe that the ''Injil'' has undergone [[tahrif|alteration]], resulting in plural gospels, and thus, probably the words and the meaning of the words have been distorted, in favour of the benefit of persons or churches involved. |
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==Шулай ук карагыз== |
==Шулай ук карагыз== |
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{{Portal|Christianity}} |
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*[[List of gospels]] |
*[[List of gospels]] |
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*[[Acts of the Apostles (genre)]] |
*[[Acts of the Apostles (genre)]] |
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21 дек 2012, 16:39 юрамасы
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Бу мәкаләнең сыйфатын арттырыр өчен түбәндәгеләрне эшләргә кирәк?:
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Назарет шәһәреннән Гайсәнең тормышын (еш язылган килеш) тасвирлауга Инҗил диелә. Иң киң таралган үрнәкләре – дүрт каноник саналган инҗилләр (ингл.) сафына кергән Матфей инҗиле (ингл.), Марк инҗиле (ингл.), Лука инҗиле (ингл.), һәм Иоанн инҗиле (ингл.). Шулай ук, бу терминны апокрифик инҗилләрне, каноник булмаган инҗилләрне, яһүди инҗилләрне һәм гностик инҗилләрне билгеләр өчен кулланыла. Өстәмә, христианнар еш "инҗил" терминның изге хәбәр (ингл.) коннотациясе нигезендә, Гайсә китергән библеик Яңа Канун (ингл.) хәбәрен билгеләү өчен куллана.
Башка изге китаплар белән бергә Инҗил Христианлыкның изге хәбәр җыентыгы дип саналган Библияның өлешен тәшкил итә.
Дөнья диннәренең инҗил дип билгеләнгән документларга карашлары аерыла. Исламда Инҗил (ингл.) (гарәп. إنجيل) – Гайсәнең инҗилен билгеләү өчен кулланылгар гарәп теле термины. Коръән аның Аллаһ тарафыннан җибәрелгән дүрт мөселманнар өчен изге саналган китаплар санына кертә. Ислам тәгълиматы буенча, вакыт узу белән Инҗилгә ялгышлыклар керү сәбәпле, Аллаһ соңгы китапны китерер өчен Мөхәммәт пәйгамбәрне җибәрде.[1]
Искәрмәләр
- ↑ Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, B.M. Wheeler, Injil
Өстәмә чыганаклар
McGrath, A. 2001. In the Beginning the Story of the King James Bible and how it changed a Nation, a Language and a Culture. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-78585-3.
Сылтамалар
- BibleGateway.com has the text of the New Testament gospels in various translations and versions
- A detailed discussion of the textual variants in the gospels — covering about 1200 variants on 2000 pages.
- Greek New Testament — the Greek text of the New Testament: specifically the Westcott-Hort text from 1881, combined with the NA26/27 variants.
- Introduction to The Complete Gospels — an excerpt and information about this compilation of canonical and non-canonical gospels in translation.
- Tessarôn Euaggeliôn Sumphônia – The Greek harmony of the Gospels
- Quattuor Evangeliorum Consonantia – The Latin harmony of the Gospels (1)
- Quattuor Evangeliorum Consonantia – The Latin harmony of the Gospels (2)
- The Case against Q collects resources for considering the Q hypothesis and evidence that Luke used Matthew
- Parallel Gospels in Harmony Online version of the public domain book Parallel Gospels in Harmony — with Study Guide
- Synoptic Parallels A web tool for finding corresponding passages in the Gospels
- Jesus: A Bible in Modern English (1973) A blending and paraphrase of the 4 Gospels by well-known Canadian once-evangelist Charles Templeton
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Бу мәкаләнең сыйфатын арттырыр өчен түбәндәгеләрне эшләргә кирәк?:
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